UTILIZATION OF E-WASTE IN CONCRETE BY PARTIAL REPLACEMEMT OF COARSE AGGREGATE
A Project Submitted
by
SUMIT KUMAR 16101103110
KUMAR GAURAV 16101103004
MD. SHAHNAWAJ 16101103087
PRASHANT KUMAR 16101103092
RAHUL KUMAR 16101103105
by
SUMIT KUMAR 16101103110
KUMAR GAURAV 16101103004
MD. SHAHNAWAJ 16101103087
PRASHANT KUMAR 16101103092
RAHUL KUMAR 16101103105
Department of Civil Engineering
Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology
Affiliated to Aryabhatta Knowledge University, Patna
Contents
2. INTRODUCTION
3. LITERATURE REVIEW
4. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
5. MATERIALS AND METHODS
6. TEST ON MATERIALS
7. CONCLUSION
8. REFERENCES
1. ABSTRACT
"E-waste" is a popular, informal name for electronic products nearing the end of their "useful life. "E-wastes are considered dangerous, as certain components of some electronic products contain materials that are hazardous, depending on their condition and density. The hazardous content of these materials pose a threat to human health and environment. Discarded computers, televisions. VCRs. stereos, copiers, fax machines, electric lamps, cell phones, audio equipment and batteries if improperly disposed can leach lead and other substances into soil and groundwater.
E-waste is the problem with which every country is dealing right now. Because there is no method for the disposal of e-waste and with the growth in the consumption of electronic goods this problem is getting bigger and bigger. The most effective way of the disposal of e-waste is through landfill and this method require large land mass which is very difficult to find in these days. So this is a very good concept of using e-waste as an ingredient in concrete by partial replacement of aggregate. We cannot replace it completely as aggregate provides some key properties to concrete like strength, durability and workability. Using e-waste as building material seems right when we look at the amount of aggregate required for making concrete and if we are able to reduce that amount it will be very beneficiary as it reduces the load from the natural resources.
In this project work we are going to replace the coarse aggregate partially with e-waste. We will cast concrete cubes with 5%, 10% and 12% e-waste and compare the compressive strength of M30 grade concrete with conventional concrete cubes of M30 grade.
2. INTRODUCTION
Concrete is the first choice for the construction many countries today. This has increased the fast vanishing of natural resources. On the other hand new electrical and electronic products have become an integral part of daily lives providing us with more comfort, security, easy, and faster acquisition. Due to technological growth, there is a high rate of obsolescence in the electronic equipment which leads to one of the fastest growing waste stream in the world.
(Fig. 1.1 collection of electronic waste)
Now-a-days, the world facing a real challenge is disposal of solid waste in particular e-waste without inducing any environmental issues. The conventional method for the disposal of e-waste is dumping the waste into land fill but this method has so many serious problems as it needs a lot of landmass which is in scarcity in our country and it also contains so many different harmful materials like lead, cadmium, beryllium etc. these materials when mixes with soil they contaminate the soil and when mixes with ground water they contaminated it also makes it very harmful to consume by any anyone and if someone consume this water it with cause serious health issues and in some cases it even cause cancer. In India, the primary source of e-waste is public and private sector institutions which leads 70% of the total waste. The estimated annual generation if electronic waste is 4,00,000 tons that is (10-15%) approximately. The waste are generated from the top cities such as Mumbai, New Delhi, Bangalore and Chennai were calculated to be 10,000 tons, 9,000 tons, 8,000 tons and 6,000 tons respectively. But from these sources 4% only recycling of it. The need for disposal of e-waste several tons per year due to its increasing manner. The efforts have been made to use the components of e-waste as a partial replacement of (10-12.5 mm) the coarse aggregate in the field of construction. Utilization of crushed e-waste materials as a conventional concrete and other materials in the building construction, helps in reducing the cost of concrete manufacturing. It is the most important method to reduce the quantity of e-waste as well as to achieve an eco–friendly concrete and protecting environment from the effect of pollution. This project is to check the efficiency of concrete by using the e-waste in replacement of coarse aggregate in concrete and to reduce the cost of construction.
3. LITERATURE REVIEW
Generation of e-waste is one of the most dissipated developing waste streams and estimated from the rate of expansion is doubled every year. One of the best solution to this crisis lies in recycling wastes into predicable own growth.
Krishna Prasanna et al (June 2014) conducted the research on replacing the coarse aggregate with e-waste by 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% in one batch and they also made another batch with using same percentage of e-waste and also adding 10% of fly ash. The concrete strength is found out to be optimum when 15% of coarse aggregate is replaced with e-waste.
Amiya Akram et al (July 2015) use shredded e-plastic and fly ash and partially replace the coarse aggregate with it they make two batches one with e-plastic alone and one with e-plastic and fly ash. In one batch they replace coarse aggregate with e-plastic by 5%,10% and 15%. They check the compressive strength and the flexure strength of the concrete. They found out that the compressive strength will increase at 10% but decrease after that and same for flexure strength the concrete became more ductile when e-plastic is added to it as in flexure strength test the specimen fails without any sound as it became less brittle.
Kulkarni, et al, 2016 conducted the experimental investigation on modulus of elasticity of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC). Modulus of elasticity (E) is an important factor that indicates the stiffness characteristics which depends on the replacement percentage of RAC. The experimental study described that E value decreases due to the increase of the replacement percentage of RA in concrete. Also the compressive strength decreases with increase in the replacement percentage of RAC which can be accomplished by RAC for various grades if concrete.
Aditya, et al., 2016 carried out the experimental work have been made to use non– biodegradable components of e-waste (plastic) as a partial replacement of coarse aggregate.
The efforts of work exhibits that good strength in the concrete with 10% replacement of M20 grade. Also it was replace with the river sand as compared with the control specimen will reduce the essential for conventional coarse aggregates.
Nadhim, et al., 2016 investigated the comparative study on e-plastic waste and fly ash concrete with conventional concrete. This study shows that e-plastic waste as coarse aggregate which is compared with the fly ash as cement that improves the strength and durability. Also reduces the bleeding, segregation and lower the heat of hydration (Nadhim, et al., 2016). The literature study shows that 0–20% replacement of e-waste in concrete is giving improvement in compressive and flexural strength. However, strength is decreases when e-waste content is more than 20%.
Balasubramanian et al (July 2016) Carried out investigation to evaluate the compressive strength, flexure strength and split tensile strength when coarse aggregate is partially replaced with e-waste. Concrete mixtures were made by replacing the coarse aggregate with e-waste by 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% and then comparing the results with standard concrete mixture in their research they have found out that the compressive strength, flexure strength and split tensile strength have increased when coarse aggregate is replaced with e-waste by 15% and after that the strength starts reducing. They have found out that the concrete became more light weight and it can bear the seismic loads more effectively as compared to conventional concrete.
4. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The main objectives are:-
➢ To detect an alternative material for coarse aggregate in the production of cement concrete.
➢ By using e-waste as raw material it will solve the problem of e-waste disposal, and environmental pollution.
➢ The E-waste concrete density is less as compared with conventional concrete which reduces the cost of the concrete and produces the light weight concrete structure.
5. MATERIALS AND METHODS
➢ CEMENT
A building material made by grinding calcined limestone and clay to a fine power, which can be mixed with water and poured to set as a solid mass or used as ingredient in making mortar or concrete. In this project work we are going to use Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) of 43 grade of brand Ambuja Cement. Cement is preferred according to (Indian Standard) IS 12269:1987
➢ AGGREGATE
Aggregate is prime constituent of concrete as it provides volume to the concrete. It a chemically inert material, it provides strength and durability to the concrete. For fine aggregate we will use locally available sand which pass through 4.75mm sieve. And for coarse aggregate we will use aggregate of size 10mm and 20mm conforming to IS: 383-1970.
➢ E-WASTE
We will use Printed Circuits Boards (PCB) as e-waste. We will collect the ewaste from local electronic shops. All the metals attached on the PCB will be removed by hand. Copper strips present at the bottom of PCB were removed manually and broken in to 20mm size. Specific gravity and water absorption will be tested for E-waste.
➢ WATER
Water is an important component of concrete participates in the chemical reaction with cement. The pH value of water used in concrete shall not be less than 6. The portable water can be used for mixing and curing IS 456:2000. In general, water fit for drinking is suitable for mixing concrete. Impurities in the water may affect concrete setting time, strength, shrinkage or promote corrosion of reinforcement. Hence locally available purified drinking water will be used for the work.
➢ CONCRETE
The concrete mixes will be assigned with the use of type of fine aggregate and grade of the concrete. In this project we are using grade of concrete as M30. The percentage replacement of e-waste added by 0%, 5%, 10% and 12% with a w/c ratio of 0.5%. The mix proportion of 1:0.75:1.5 (where 1is for cement 0.75 for fine aggregate and 1.5 for coarse aggregate of size 10mm to 20mm).
6. TEST ON MATERIALS
Materials to be used in project are following:-
1) Cement
2) Fine aggregate
3) Coarse aggregate
4) E-waste
1) Various test Cement
Nowadays, cement is a very important material in the construction industry. It is mainly used in masonry and concrete construction. The major portion of a structure’s strength mostly depends on the quality of cement.
But when you buy cement there is a certain possibility of quality variations in cement. That is why it is essential to test the cement to know its quality not only to ensure you’re getting what you paid for but also to forestall the possibility of a structural failure through the use of defective materials.
Following are the tests to be conducted to judge the quality of cement.
1. Fineness
2. Consistency
1. Fineness of cement
Fineness is the mean size of cement grain. It is done to measure the mean size of cement grain. The finer the cement the surface area for hydration will be large and it increases the strength of cement. So we need to determine the fineness of cement by dry sieving as per IS: 4031 (Part 1) – 1996.The principle of this is that we determine the proportion of cement whose grain size is larger then specified mesh size. The apparatus used are 90µm IS Sieve, Balance capable of weighing 100gm. A nylon or pure bristle brush, preferably with 25 to 40mm, bristle, for cleaning the sieve.
Procedure to determine fineness of cement by dry Sieving
1. Mass accurately 100 gm of cement and place it on a standard I.S. Sieve 90µ.
2. Break down any air set lumps in the sample with fingers, but do not rub on the sieve.
3. Continuously sieve the sample by holding the sieve in both hands and giving a gentle wrist motion or mechanical sieve shaker may be used for this purpose. The sieving should continue for 15 minutes.
OBSERVATION:
SAMPLE-1 SAMPLE-2
Mass of cement – gms (M)) 100gm 100gm
I.S. Sieve – Microns 90gm 90gm
Sieving time – Min 10 min 10 min
Mass Retained on sieve –
gms (M1) 0.010gm 0.015gm
% Mass Retained on sieve
= (M1/M) × 100 0.01gm 0.015gm
RESULT: Fineness of cement =0.012
2. Consistency of cement
(Fig.6.1 Lab work of Consistency of cement)
The basic aim is to find out the water content required to produce a cement paste of standard consistency as specified by the IS: 4031 (Part 4) – 1988. The principle is that standard consistency of cement is that consistency at which the Vicat plunger penetrates to a point 5-7mm from the bottom of Vicat mould. Apparatus – Vicat apparatus conforming to IS: 5513 – 1976, Balance, whose permissible variation at a load of 1000g should be +1.0g, Gauging trowel conforming to IS: 10086 – 1982.MAIN EQUIPMENTS:
1. Vicat needle apparel with plunger of 10mm diameter and 50mm length, Massing 300g and Vicat’s mould.
2. Simple balance- capacity 1 kg.
3. Trowel.
4. Enamel tray.
5. Standard Spatula.
6. Thermometer (range 50o C).
7. Stop watch.
8. Non-porous plate.
Procedure to determine consistency of cement
i) Weigh approximately 400g of cement and mix it with a weighed quantity of water. The time of gauging should be between 3 to 5 minutes.
ii) Fill the Vicat mould with paste and level it with a trowel. iii) Lower the plunger gently till it touches the cement surface. iv) Release the plunger allowing it to sink into the paste.
v) Note the reading on the gauge.
vi) Repeat the above procedure taking fresh samples of cement and different quantities of water until the reading on the gauge is 5 to 7mm.
(Fig.6.2. Vicat apparatus at lab work)
OBSERVATION:
% of water 38% 40%
Amount of water (ml) 152ml 160ml
Initialreading (mm) 0 0
Final reading (mm) 34mm 33mm
Penetration 6mm 7mm
Results:- Percentage of water required for normal consistency = 39%
3. Various Lab Test On Aggregates
There are many tests which are conducted to check the quality of aggregates. Aggregates are very important component of concrete, so the quality really matters when it comes to aggregates. Various test which are done on aggregates are listed below.
1. Sieve Analysis
2. Bulking of fine aggregates
3. Aggregate Impact Value
4. Aggregate Crushing Value
1. Sieve Analysis of fine aggregates
(Fig6.3. Sieve Analysis of fine aggregates at lab)
Sieve analysis helps to determine the particle size distribution of the coarse and fine aggregates. This is done by sieving the aggregates as per IS: 2386 (Part I) – 1963. In this we use different sieves as standardized by the IS code and then pass aggregates through them and thus collect different sized particles left over different sieves.Fig6.3. Sieve Analysis of fine aggregates at lab
MAIN EQUIPMENTS:
➢ Set of sieves confirming to IS 460-1962, known quantities of fine Aggregates.
➢ Sieve analysis for fine Aggregates shall be carried out on 6 sieves: (4.75 mm, 2.36 mm,
1.18 mm, 600 micron, 300 micron and 150 micron) are used.
PROCEDURE:
2. Each sieve shall shake separately over a clean tray for a period of not less than 2 minutes. the shaking shall be done with motions backward and forwards, left to right, circular clockwise and counter clockwise with frequent jarring, so that material is kept moving over solve surface.·
3. On completion of sieving the material retained over each sieve together with any
4. Material cleaned from the mesh shall be massed on a balance and recorded. .
5. The percentage by mass retained by each sieve shall be calculated and the results shall be recorded.
6. The cumulative %is calculated.
OBSERVATIONS:
Mass of fine aggregate =1000gm
Sieve Size Mass Retained(gm) Cumulative Mass retained (gm) Cumulative % Mass retained
4.75mm 0 0 0
2.36mm 100 100 10
1.18mm 250 350 35
600 µ(0.06mm) 350 700 70
300µ(0.03mm) 200 900 90
150µ (0.015mm) 100 1000 100
Total 275
Therefore, fineness modulus of sand = (Cumulative % retained)/100
= 275/100
= 2.75
2. Bulking of fine aggregates
Apparatus
➢ 250ml measuring cylinder
➢ Weighing balance ➢ Fine aggregate
(Fig.6.4. Bulking of fine aggregate at lab work)
Procedure
➢ Take 500 grams of fine aggregate over dried at a temperature of 100 to 110 degree
Celsius for 24 ± 0.5 hours. This weight is measured as W1
➢ The cooled sand is taken in an airtight container. This weight is measured as W2.
➢ The water content of the sample is calculated as
Wc = (W1-W2)x 100/W1
➢ In a pan, 250 grams of sand is taken
➢ To this 2% by weight of water is added. This is properly mixed
➢ The mixture is poured into a 250ml cylinder. This is consolidated by shaking
➢ The surface is leveled. The reading is measured as Y1.
➢ The test is repeated for the remaining quantity of sand for 2% water by weight each time. The readings are taken as Y2, Y3…..etc until a decreasing reading of the volume is observed.
➢ After this level, 4% water is added and the test is continued until the sample become fully saturated.
➢ To the standard sample in the measuring cylinder, add about 50 ml water ore and stir the sample well.
➢ Note down the surface level of inundated sand (Y ml).
OBSERVATIONS:
S.NO Description Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3
1. Volume of loose sand (ml)
X 200 200 200
2. Volume of saturated sand (ml)
Y 150 156 154
3. Percent bulking
{(200-Y)/X}*100 33.3% 28.2% 29.9%
Average value % = (33.3+28.2+29.9)/3
= 30.5
1) Aggregate Crushing Value
This test helps to determine the aggregate crushing value of coarse aggregates as per IS: 2386 (Part IV) – 1963.The apparatus used is Cylindrical measure and plunger, Compression testing machine, IS Sieves of sizes – 12.5mm, 10mm and 2.36mm.
Procedure
➢ The aggregates passing through 12.5mm and retained on 10mm IS Sieve are oven-dried at a temperature of 100 to 110oC for 3 to 4hrs.
➢ The cylinder of the apparatus is filled in 3 layers, each layer tamped with 25 strokes of a tamping rod.
➢ The weight of aggregates is measured (Weight ‘A’).
➢ The surface of the aggregates is then leveled and the plunger inserted. The apparatus is then placed in the compression testing machine and loaded at a uniform rate so as to achieve 40t load in 10 minutes. After this, the load is released.
(Fig.6.5. crushing value of coarse aggregates)
➢ The sample is then sieved through a 2.36mm IS Sieve and the fraction passing through the sieve is weighed (Weight ‘B’). ➢ Two tests should be conducted.Aggregate crushing value = (B/A) x 100%.
OBSERVATIONS:
Mass of coarse aggregate = 3000gm
Sample 1 Sample 2
Total wt. of dry sample taken W1(gm) 3000 3000
Weight of sample passing
2.36mm sieve, W2(gm) 0.257 0.245
Aggregate crushing value % 8.56 % 8.16 %
Mean value = ( 8.56+8.16)/2 = 8.36
Result :- Aggregate crushing value = 8.36
2) Aggregate Impact Value
This test is done to determine the aggregate impact value of coarse aggregates as per IS: 2386 (Part IV) – 1963.The apparatus used for determining aggregate impact value of coarse aggregates is Impact testing machine conforming to IS: 2386 (Part IV)- 1963,IS Sieves of sizes – 12.5mm, 10mm and 2.36mm, A cylindrical metal measure of 75mm dia. and 50mm depth, A tamping rod of 10mm circular cross section and 230mm length, rounded at one end and Oven.
The test sample should conform to the following grading:
Passing through 12.5mm IS Sieve – 100%
Retention on 10mm IS Sieve – 100%
Procedure
➢ The cup of the impact testing machine should be fixed firmly in position on the base of the machine and the whole of the test sample placed in it and compacted by 25 strokes of the tamping rod.
➢ The hammer should be raised to 380mm above the upper surface of the aggregates in the cup and allowed to fall freely onto the aggregates. The test sample should be subjected to a total of 15 such blows, each being delivered at an interval of not less than one second.
(Fig.6.6. impact value of coarse aggregates)
OBSERVATIONS:
Mass of coarse aggregate = 3000gmSample 1 Sample 2
Total wt. of dry sample taken
W1(gm) 3000 3000
Weight of sample passing
2.36mm sieve, W2(gm) 0.029 0.024
Aggregate Impact value % 9.66 8
Mean value = (9.66+8)/2 = 8.83%
Result :- Aggregate impact value = 9.0
3) E-waste:
We use Printed Circuits Boards (PCB) as e-waste. We collect the e-waste from local electronic shops. The size of the aggregate is between 1.18mm to 2.36mm. All the metals attached on the PCB were removed by hand.
Properties of E-waste
S.No Properties. Experimental Values of E-waste
1 Water Absorption 0.04%
2 Specific gravity. 1.20
3 Crushing Value 2.35%
4 Impact Value. 1.95%
5 Fineness Modulus. 2.50
7. CONCLUSION:
➢ It provides an effective way to dispose the e-waste.
➢ Saves the land which is used to dispose the e-waste.
➢ Makes the concrete light weight and thus the weight of structure is reduced.
➢ Makes the concrete more flexible hence can easily bear the seismic loads.
➢ It reduces the stress on the natural resources.
➢ It increase the workability of concrete.
➢ It reduces the risk due to the harmful materials of e-waste.
8. REFERENCES
➢ IS: 10262: 2009 Standard Code for mix design.
➢ IS: 10262: 1982 Standard Code for “Recommended guidelines for concrete mix design”.
➢ Aditya, G., Dinesh, S., Shubham, S. and Praveen, P. (2016). Utilization of E–plastic waste in concrete. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT. 5 : 2278-0181.
➢ Amnon, K. (2003). Properties of concrete made with recycled aggregate from partially hydrated old concrete. Cem. Concr. Res. 33 : 703-711.
➢ Arundeb, G., Saroj, M. and Somnath, G. (2011). Direct compressive strength and elastic modulus of recycled aggregate concrete. Int. J. Civ. Struct. Eng. 2(1) : 292-304.
➢ Balasubramanian, B., Gobala, K.G.V.T. and Saraswathi, V. (2016). Investigation on partial replacement of coarse aggregate using E-waste in concrete. International journal of Earth Science and Engineering. 9(3) : 285-288.
➢ Bavan, C.J. and Yogendra, T. (2015). A review on E-waste as construction material. Indian journal of applied Research. 5(1) : 2249-5559.
➢ Belen, G.F., Fernando, M.A., Javier, E.L. and Sindy. S.P. (2011). Effect of recycled coarse aggregate on damage of recycled concrete. Mater. Struct. 44 : 1759-1771.
➢ Katrina, MN. and Thomas, H.K.K. (2013). Recycled concrete aggregates: A review. Int. J. Concr. Struct. Mater. 7(1) : 61-69.
➢ Krishna, P.P. and Kanta, M.R. (2014). Strength variations in concrete by using E-waste as coarse aggregate. International Journal of Education and applied research(IJEAR ).
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